Ingemuva

Ukuhlola umjikelezo wokuphila (LCA) iyithuluzi lokulinganisa ukusetshenziswa komthombo wamandla nomthelela wemvelo womkhiqizo, ubuciko bokukhiqiza. Ithuluzi lizokala ukusuka ekuqoqweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kuye ekukhiqizeni, ekuthuthweni, ekusetshenzisweni, futhi ekugcineni nasekulahlweni kokugcina. I-LCA yasungulwa kusukela ngo-1970s.

l I-Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (i-SETAC) ichaza i-SETAC njengendlela yokuhlola ukuthi imikhiqizo, ukukhiqizwa kanye nezenzo kunomthelela onjani endaweni ezungezile ngokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwemfucuza.

l Ngo-1997, i-ISO yakhipha uchungechunge lwe-ISO 14000, futhi yachaza i-LCA njengokuhlanganiswa nokuhlola okokufaka, okuphumayo kanye nemithelela engaba khona yemvelo yohlelo lomkhiqizo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wayo wokuphila. Umthelela wendawo uhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo. I-ISO 14040 ichaza okuyinhloko nohlaka, futhi i-ISO 14044 ichaza izidingo neziqondiso.

Ukuhlola kwe-LCA kuqukethe izigaba ezi-4:

1) umgomo kanye nobubanzi. Lokhu kumayelana nenjongo yocwaningo, imingcele yesistimu, iyiphi iyunithi ekhethwa ukuyisebenzisa, kanye nemfuneko kudatha.

2) Ukuhlaziywa kwempahla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqoqwa nokulahlwa kwedatha.

3) Ukuhlolwa komthelela. Lokhu okokuhlaziya izakhi ezithinta imvelo.

4) Ukuhunyushwa. Lokhu kuwukuphetha ukuhlola nokuhlaziya umphumela.

Umgomo kanye nobubanzi

Umgomo wokufunda

Umgomo wokufunda indawo yokuqala ye-LCA. Lokhu okokuhlola kangcono ukusebenza kwesistimu, futhi kusiza ukufakazela ubungane bendawo yesistimu ukuze ufake isicelo sesitifiketi esiluhlaza.

Imingcele yesistimu

Imingcele yesistimu kufanele iqukathe izigaba zomjikelezo wempilo ezilandelayo kanye nenqubo efanele (Ngezansi kunemingcele yesistimu yomkhiqizo webhethri)

Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-cradle-to-grave. I-Cradle isho isiqalo, okusho ukutholwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe. I-Grave isho ukuphela, okusho ukuchithwa nokuvuselela kabusha.

Iyunithi yokusebenza

Iyunithi yokusebenza iyindinganiso yokubala okokufaka nokukhiphayo phakathi nomjikelezo wempilo wesistimu. Ngokuvamile kunamayunithi amabili wokusebenza. Enye isisindo (iyunithi: kg), enye amandla kagesi (iyunithi: kWh). Uma sisebenzisa amandla njengeyunithi, khona-ke la mandla achazwa njengesamba samandla anikezwa isistimu yebhethri emjikelezweni wawo wempilo. Isamba samandla sibalwa ngokuphindaphinda izikhathi zomjikelezo namandla omjikelezo ngamunye.

Ikhwalithi yedatha

Ocwaningweni lwe-LCA, ikhwalithi yomthelela wedatha kumphumela we-LCA. Ngakho-ke kufanele sinikeze isitatimende kanye nencazelo kudatha esiyitholile ngesikhathi socwaningo.

Ukuhlolwa kwempahla

I-Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) iyisisekelo se-LCA. Sidinga ukulinganisa izinsiza ezidingekayo kumjikelezo wempilo wemikhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nokukhipha. Izinsiza lapha zifaka phakathi izimayini, ukucutshungulwa, ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa, ezokuthutha, ukugcinwa, ukuchithwa nokugaywa kabusha, wonke umjikelezo wempilo. Amandla ahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi, amakhemikhali kanye namandla elanga. Ukukhishwa kuhlanganisa ukungcola, ukushisa nemisebe.

(1) Sungula imodeli yesistimu yomkhiqizo esekelwe kumingcele yesistimu echazwe kumgomo nakububanzi.

(2) Qoqa idatha efanele, njengokubalulekile kunqubo ngayinye, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ezokuthutha, ukukhishwa kwegesi, kanye nesizindalwazi esikhuphukayo.

(3) Bala ukukhishwa ngokusho kweyunithi yokusebenza.

Ukuhlola Umthelela

Ukuhlolwa komphumela womjikelezo wokuphila (i-LCA) kwenziwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwempahla. I-LCA ihlanganisa izigaba zomthelela, ipharamitha, imodeli yezimpawu, ukuhlukaniswa kwemiphumela, ukubalwa kwepharamitha yesigaba (characterify and standardise).

Izigaba zokuhlola umthelela ze-LCA zihlanganisa:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ze-Abiotic inani elingase libe khona kanye nenani elinamandla lokusebenzisa uphethiloli. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ze-abiotic kuhlobene nokuthuthukiswa kwe-ore kokokufaka kwesistimu. Iyunithi ingu-kg Sb eq. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-abiotic kukaphethiloli wezinsalela kuhlobene nenani lokushisa. Iyunithi ngu-MJ.
• Inani lokufudumala komhlaba. I-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) yakha imodeli enezimpawu zokubala izici ezinezimpawu. Izici eziphawuliwe zimelela amandla okufudumala komhlaba iminyaka eyi-100. Iyunithi yi-kg CO₂eq.
• Inani elingaba khona le-ozone sphere. Le modeli ithuthukiswe yi-Global Meteorological Organization. Ichaza amandla okuphela kwe-ozone yegesi ehlukene. Iyunithi ingu-kg CFC-11 eq.
• I-ozone ye-Photochemical. Iyunithi ingu-kg C₂H₂eq.
• I-Acidification. Imele amandla okuphuma ngokulinganisa i-SO₂yekhilogremu ngayinye ye-emission. Iyunithi ingu-kg SO₂eq.
• I-Eutrophication. Iyunithi ingu-kg PO₄eq.
• Ukuhunyushwa
• Ukutolika isigaba sokugcina se-LCA. Ukuhlanganisa umgomo nobubanzi, ukuhlaziywa kwempahla kanye nokuhlolwa komthelela, singaba nokuhlola okuphelele emkhiqizweni, futhi sithole isilinganiso sokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa noma ukuphuma komjikelezo wempilo. Isibonelo, singaphromotha ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, siguqule ukukhetha kwempahla engavuthiwe, sikhuthaze ukucutshungulwa komkhiqizo, siguqule uhlobo lwamandla, silungiselele okokusebenza kabusha, njll.

Isiphetho

• Kunezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zedatha ezibandakanyeka ku-LCA. Ikhwalithi nobuqotho bedatha kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu kumphumela. Uma singakha inkundla yokulandelela idatha, lapho singabamba khona izinto ezifana nezingxenye ezibalulekile nokukhiqiza, futhi sakhe isizindalwazi esiyisisekelo sokugaywa kabusha, kuzokwehlisa kakhulu ubunzima bokuthola isitifiketi se-carbon footprint.
• Ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, kunezinyathelo ezilandelayo: 1. Qamba uhlelo lwezinto zebhethri ukuze uthuthukise ukuminyana kwamandla kanye nempilo yomjikelezo. Lokhu kuzokwehlisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. 2. Uma kuqhathaniswa nebhethri ye-lithium-ion, ibhethri ye-sodium-ion inethonya eliphansi endaweni ezungezile. 3. Ibhethri eliqinile linokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi kunebhethri ye-lithium-ion ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. 4. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zokugaywa kabusha kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha nakho kungathuthukisa ukunukubezeka kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi.