Njengamanje, izingozi eziningi zokuphepha zamabhethri e-lithium-ion zenzeka ngenxa yokwehluleka kwesifunda sokuvikela, okubangela ukubaleka kwebhethri okushisayo futhi kubangele umlilo nokuqhuma. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ubone ukusetshenziswa okuphephile kwebhethri ye-lithium, ukwakheka kwesekethe yokuvikela kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezibangela ukwehluleka kwebhethri le-lithium kufanele zicatshangelwe. Ngaphezu kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, ukwehluleka ngokuyisisekelo kubangelwa izinguquko ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zangaphandle, njengokukhokhiswa ngokweqile, ukukhipha ngokweqile kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Uma le mingcele ibhekwa ngesikhathi sangempela futhi izinyathelo zokuzivikela ezihambisanayo zizothathwa lapho zishintsha, ukuvela kokugijima okushisayo kungagwenywa. Idizayini yokuphepha yebhethri ye-lithium ihlanganisa izici ezimbalwa: ukukhethwa kweseli, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kanye nomklamo wokuphepha osebenzayo we-BMS.

Ukukhetha iseli

Kunezici eziningi ezithinta ukuphepha kwamaseli lapho ukukhetha kwezinto zeseli kuyisisekelo. Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezahlukene zamakhemikhali, ukuphepha kuyahlukahluka ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ze-cathode zebhethri ye-lithium. Isibonelo, i-lithium iron phosphate imise okwe-olivine, eqinile futhi akulula ukudilika. I-Lithium cobaltate ne-lithium ternary, nokho, ziyisakhiwo esinezingqimba okulula ukuwa. Ukukhethwa kwesihlukanisi nakho kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba ukusebenza kwayo kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokuphepha kweseli. Ngakho-ke ekukhethweni kweseli, akuzona imibiko yokutholwa kuphela kodwa nenqubo yokukhiqiza yomkhiqizi, izinto zokwakha kanye nemingcele yazo kuzocatshangelwa.

Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo

Isakhiwo sebhethri ngokuyinhloko sibheka izidingo zokufakwa kwe-insulation kanye nokukhipha ukushisa.

• Izidingo zokufakwa kwe-insulation ngokuvamile zibandakanya izici ezilandelayo: Ukushisa phakathi kwe-electrode enhle nengalungile; Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kweseli nendawo ebiyelwe; Ukufakwa kwe-insulation phakathi kwezigxobo zesigxobo kanye nendawo ebiyelwe; Isikhala sikagesi se-PCB nebanga le-creepage, idizayini yezintambo zangaphakathi, ukwakheka komhlaba, njll.
• Ukukhipha ukushisa okokugcina amandla amakhulu noma amabhethri okudonsa. Ngenxa yamandla aphezulu walawa mabhethri, ukushisa okukhiqizwa lapho eshajwa futhi eshajwa kukhulu. Uma ukushisa kungenakuqedwa ngesikhathi, ukushisa kuzonqwabelana futhi kubangele izingozi. Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa nokuklama kwezinto ezivalekile (Kufanele kube namandla athile omshini kanye nezidingo zokuvikela uthuli kanye nokungena kwamanzi), ukukhethwa kwesistimu yokupholisa kanye nokunye ukufakwa kwangaphakathi kokushisa okushisayo, ukuchithwa kokushisa kanye nesistimu yokucisha umlilo kufanele kucatshangelwe.

Ngokukhethwa nokusebenzisa isistimu yokupholisa ibhethri, sicela ubheke ukukhishwa kwangaphambilini.

Idizayini yokuphepha esebenzayo

Izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zinquma ukuthi impahla ayikwazi ukukhawulela i-voltage yokushaja nokukhipha. Uma i-voltage yokushaja neyokukhipha isingaphezu kwebanga elilinganiselwe, izodala umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kubhethri le-lithium. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukwengeza umjikelezo wokuvikela ukuze kugcinwe i-voltage kanye namanje yeseli yangaphakathi esimweni esivamile lapho ibhethri ye-lithium isebenza. Ku-BMS yamabhethri, imisebenzi elandelayo iyadingeka:

• Ukushaja ngaphezu kokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi: ukushaja ngokweqile kungesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokubaleka kokushisa. Ngemuva kokushajwa ngokweqile, impahla ye-cathode izowa ngenxa yokukhululwa kwe-lithium ion ngokweqile, futhi i-electrode engeyinhle nayo izoba nemvula ye-lithium, okuholela ekwehleni kokuqina kokushisa kanye nokwanda kokusabela okusemaceleni, okungaba nengcuphe yokubaleka ngokushisa. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukunqamula okwamanje ngesikhathi ngemuva kokuba ukushaja kufinyelele umkhawulo ophezulu we-voltage yeseli. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi i-BMS ibe nomsebenzi wokushaja phezu kokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi, ukuze amandla kagesi eseli ahlale egcinwe ngaphakathi komkhawulo wokusebenza. Kungaba ngcono ukuthi i-voltage yokuvikela ayilona inani lebanga futhi iyahluka kakhulu, njengoba ingabangela ibhethri ukuthi ihluleke ukunqamula i-current ngesikhathi lapho ishajwe ngokugcwele, okuholela ekukhokhisweni ngokweqile. I-voltage yokuvikela ye-BMS ivamise ukuklanywa ukuthi ifane noma ibe ngaphansi kancane kunevolthi ephezulu yeseli.
• Ukushaja ngaphezu kokuvikela kwamanje: Ukushaja ibhethri enamandla amanje ngaphezu kweshaji noma umkhawulo wokukhipha kungabangela ukunqwabelana kokushisa. Uma ukushisa kunqwabelana ngokwanele ukuze kuncibilike i-diaphragm, kungabangela ukujikeleza okufushane kwangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke ukushaja okufika ngesikhathi ngokuvikela kwamanje nakho kubalulekile. Kufanele sinake ukuthi ngaphezu kokuvikela kwamanje akukwazi ukuba phezulu kunokubekezelelana kweseli kwamanje ekwakhiweni.
• Ukukhipha ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi: Ivolthi enkulu kakhulu noma encane kakhulu izolimaza ukusebenza kwebhethri. Ukuphuma okuqhubekayo ngaphansi kwe-voltage kuzobangela ithusi ukuthi lihle futhi i-electrode eyinegethivu idilike, ngakho ngokuvamile ibhethri lizophuma ngaphansi komsebenzi wokuvikela i-voltage.
• Khipha phezu kokuvikela kwamanje: Iningi lokushaja kwe-PCB nokukhishwa ngesixhumi esibonakalayo esifanayo, kulesi simo amandla wamanje okuvikela nokukhipha kuyahambisana. Kodwa amanye amabhethri, ikakhulukazi amabhethri amathuluzi kagesi, ukushaja okusheshayo nezinye izinhlobo zamabhethri adinga ukusebenzisa ukukhishwa okukhulu kwamanje noma ukushaja, okwamanje akuhambisani ngalesi sikhathi, ngakho-ke kungcono ukushaja nokukhipha ekulawuleni i-loop ezimbili.
• Ukuvikelwa kwesekethe emfushane: Isekhethi emfishane yebhethri futhi ingelinye lamaphutha ajwayelekile. Okunye ukungqubuzana, ukusebenzisa kabi, ukuminyanisa, ukudinwa, ukungena kwamanzi, njll., kulula ukuheha ukujikeleza okufushane. Isekhethi emfishane izokhiqiza ngokushesha amandla amakhulu okukhipha, okuholela ekukhuphukeni okubukhali kwezinga lokushisa lebhethri. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uchungechunge lokusabela kwe-electrochemical ngokuvamile lwenzeka esitokisini ngemva kokujikeleza okufushane kwangaphandle, okuholela ochungechungeni lokusabela kwe-exothermic. Ukuvikelwa kwesekethe emfushane nakho kuwuhlobo lokuvikela ngaphezulu kwamanje. Kodwa umjikelezo omfushane wamanje uzobe ungapheli, futhi ukushisa nokulimala nakho akupheli, ngakho-ke ukuvikela kufanele kube bucayi kakhulu futhi kungenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zokuvikela isifunda esifushane zifaka othintana nabo, i-fuse, i-mos, njll.
• Ukuvikela ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa: Ibhethri liyazwela kuzinga lokushisa elizungezile. Ukushisa okuphezulu kakhulu noma okuphansi kakhulu kuzothinta ukusebenza kwayo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukugcina ibhethri isebenza ngaphakathi kwezinga lokushisa elilinganiselwe. I-BMS kufanele ibe nomsebenzi wokuvikela izinga lokushisa ukuze imise ibhethri uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu noma liphansi kakhulu. Ingahlukaniswa ngisho nokuvikelwa kwezinga lokushisa elikhokhiswayo kanye nokuvikelwa kokushisa kokukhipha, njll.
• Umsebenzi wokulinganisa: Encwadini yokubhalela namanye amabhethri ochungechunge oluningi, kunokungahambisani phakathi kwamaseli ngenxa yomehluko wenqubo yokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, amanye amaseli ukumelana kwangaphakathi kukhulu kunamanye. Lokhu kungqubuzana kuzokhula kancane kancane ngaphansi kwethonya lendawo yangaphandle. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nomsebenzi wokuphatha ibhalansi ukuze kusetshenziswe ibhalansi yeseli. Ngokuvamile kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokulinganisa:

1.I-Passive balancing: Sebenzisa izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, njengesifanisi se-voltage, bese usebenzisa ukunqanyulwa kokushisa kokumelana ukuze ukhulule amandla engeziwe ebhethri elikhulu. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kukhulu, ijubane lokulinganisa lihamba kancane, nokusebenza kahle kuphansi.

2.Ukulinganisa okusebenzayo: sebenzisa ama-capacitor ukugcina amandla amaseli ane-voltage ephezulu futhi uwakhiphele kuseli nge-voltage ephansi. Kodwa-ke, lapho umehluko wengcindezi phakathi kwamaseli aseduze umncane, isikhathi sokulinganisa side, futhi umkhawulo wevolthi wokulinganisa ungasethwa kalula.

Ukuqinisekisa okujwayelekile

Ekugcineni, uma ufuna amabhethri akho angene ngempumelelo emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe noma yasekhaya, adinga futhi ukuhlangabezana namazinga ahlobene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion. Ukusuka kumaseli kuye kumabhethri kanye nemikhiqizo yomsingathi kufanele ihlangabezane namazinga okuhlola ahambisanayo. Lesi sihloko sizogxila ezimfuneko zokuvikela ibhethri lasekhaya ngemikhiqizo ye-IT ye-elekthronikhi.

I-GB 31241-2022

Leli zinga ngelamabhethri ezinto eziphathwayo zikagesi. Ikakhulukazi icabangela imingcele yokusebenza ephephile yethemu 5.2, 10.1 kuya ku-10.5 izidingo zokuphepha ze-PCM, 11.1 kuya ku-11.5 izidingo zokuphepha kusekethe yokuvikela isistimu (lapho ibhethri ngokwalo lingavikelekile), izimfuneko ezingu-12.1 nezingu-12.2 zokuvumelana, kanye neSithasiselo A (samadokhumenti) .

u Ithemu 5.2 idinga amapharamitha weseli nebhethri kufanele afaniswe, okungaqondwa njengemingcele yokusebenza yebhethri akufanele yeqe ububanzi bamaseli. Nokho, ingabe amapharamitha okuvikela ibhethri adinga ukuqinisekiswa ukuthi imingcele yokusebenza kwebhethri aweqi ububanzi bamaseli? Kukhona ukuqonda okuhlukile, kodwa ngokombono wokuphepha komklamo webhethri, impendulo inguyebo. Isibonelo, umthamo omkhulu wamanje wokushaja weseli (noma ibhulokhi yeseli) ngu-3000mA, umkhawulo wamanje osebenzayo webhethri akufanele udlule u-3000mA, futhi amandla okuvikela ebhethri nawo kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi amandla amanje ohlelweni lokushaja akufanele adlule. 3000mA. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho singavikela ngempumelelo futhi sigweme izingozi. Ngomklamo wamapharamitha wokuvikela, sicela ubhekisele kuSithasiselo A. Sicubungula ukwakheka kwepharamitha yeseli – ibhethri – umsingathi osebenzayo, ohlanganisa konke.

u Kumabhethri anesekhethi yokuvikela, ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwesekethi yokuvikela ibhethri engu-10.1~10.5 kuyadingeka. Lesi sahluko siphenya ngokuyinhloko ukushaja phezu kokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi, ukushaja ngaphezu kokuvikelwa kwamanje, ukushajwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi, ukushajwa phezu kokuvikelwa kwamanje kanye nokuvikelwa kwesekethe emfishane. Lezi zibalulwe ngenhlaIdizayini Yokuphepha Esebenzayokanye nezidingo eziyisisekelo. I-GB 31241 idinga ukuhlola izikhathi ezingu-500.

u Uma ibhethri ngaphandle kwesekhethi yokuvikela ivikelwe ishaja noma isisetshenziswa sokugcina, ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwesekethi yokuvikela yesistimu engu-11.1~11.5 kuzokwenziwa ngedivayisi yokuvikela yangaphandle. Ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, amandla amanje kanye nezinga lokushisa lokushaja nokukhipha kuyaphenywa kakhulu. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri anamasekhethi okuvikela, amabhethri angenawo amasekhethi okuvikela angathembela kuphela ekuvikelweni kwemishini ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela. Ingozi iphezulu, ngakho-ke ukusebenza okuvamile nezimo zephutha elilodwa kuzohlolwa ngokuhlukana. Lokhu kuphoqa idivayisi yokugcina ukuthi ibe nesivikelo esikabili; ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke iphumelele ukuhlolwa eSahlukweni 11.

u Okokugcina, uma kukhona amaseli ochungechunge amaningi ebhethrini, udinga ukucabangela isenzakalo sokushaja okungalinganiseli. Kudingeka ukuhlolwa kokuvumelana kwesahluko 12. Ibhalansi kanye nemisebenzi yokuvikela ingcindezi ehlukile ye-PCB iyaphenywa kakhulu lapha. Lo msebenzi awudingeki kumabhethri eseli elilodwa.

I-GB 4943.1-2022

Leli zinga elemikhiqizo ye-AV. Ngokusetshenziswa okwandayo kwemikhiqizo kagesi esebenza ngebhethri, inguqulo entsha ye-GB 4943.1-2022 inikeza izidingo ezithile zamabhethri ku-Appendix M, ukuhlola okokusebenza ngamabhethri namasekhethi awo okuvikela. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwesekethe yokuvikela ibhethri, izidingo ezengeziwe zokuphepha zemishini equkethe amabhethri e-lithium yesibili nazo zengeziwe.

u Isekethe yesibili yokuvikela ibhethri ye-lithium ngokuyinhloko iphenya ngokukhokhiswa ngokweqile, ukukhishwa ngokweqile, ukushaja okuhlanekezelayo, ukushaja ukuvikelwa kokuphepha (izinga lokushisa), ukuvikelwa kwesifunda esifushane, njll. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zivivinyo zonke zidinga iphutha elilodwa kumjikelezo wokuvikela. Le mfuneko ayishiwo ku-GB 31241 ejwayelekile yebhethri. Ngakho-ke ekwakhiweni komsebenzi wokuvikela ibhethri, sidinga ukuhlanganisa izidingo ezijwayelekile zebhethri nomsingathi. Uma ibhethri linokuvikela okukodwa kuphela futhi ingenazo izingxenye ezingadingeki, noma ibhethri ingenayo isekethe yokuvikela futhi isifunda sokuvikela sinikezwa umsingathi kuphela, umsingathi kufanele abandakanywe kule ngxenye yokuhlola.

Isiphetho

Sengiphetha, ukuklama ibhethri eliphephile, ngaphezu kokukhethwa kwempahla ngokwayo, ukwakheka okulandelayo kwesakhiwo kanye nomklamo wokuphepha osebenzayo kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Nakuba amazinga ahlukene anezidingo ezihlukene zemikhiqizo, uma ukuphepha komklamo webhethri kungacatshangwa ngokugcwele ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezimakethe ezahlukene, isikhathi sokuhola singancishiswa kakhulu futhi umkhiqizo ungasheshiselwa ukumakethwa. Ngaphezu kokuhlanganisa imithetho, izimiso nezindinganiso zamazwe ahlukene nezifunda, kuyadingeka futhi ukuklama imikhiqizo ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela kwamabhethri emikhiqizweni yetheminali.