Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-ANSI/CAN/UL/ULC 2271-2023, olusebenza ekuhloleni ukuphepha kwebhethri le-Light Electric Vehicle (LEV), lwashicilelwa ngo-September 2023 ukuze luthathele indawo izinga elidala lenguqulo ka-2018. Le nguqulo entsha yezinga inezinguquko ezincazelweni , izidingo zesakhiwo, kanye nezidingo zokuhlola.

Izinguquko ezincazelweni

• Incazelo Yokungezwa Kwesistimu Yokulawula Ibhethri (BMS):Isekhethi yokulawula ibhethri enamadivayisi okuvikela asebenzayo aqapha futhi agcine amaseli ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusebenza yawo eshiwo: futhi evimbela ukushajwa ngokweqile, ukwehla kwamandla emali, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu, izinga lokushisa elingaphansi kanye nezimo zokukhishwa ngokweqile kwamaseli.
• Ukwengezwa kwencazelo yesithuthuthu sikagesi: Imoto kagesi enesihlalo noma isihlalo esisetshenziswa umgibeli futhi eklanyelwe ukuhamba ngamasondo angeqile kwamathathu lapho ixhumene ne-groud, kodwa ingafaki ugandaganda. Isithuthuthu sikagesi kuhloswe ukuthi sisetshenziswe emigwaqweni yomphakathi okuhlanganisa nemigwaqo emikhulu.
• Ukwengezwa kwencazelo yesikuta sikagesi: Idivayisi enesisindo esingaphansi kwamaphawundi ayikhulu okuthi:

a) Inezibambo, ibhodi eliphansi noma isihlalo esingama noma sihlale kuso umqhubi, kanye nenjini kagesi;

b) Ingasetshenziswa injini kagesi kanye/noma amandla omuntu; futhi

c) Inesivinini esingeqile ku-20 mph endaweni egandayiwe uma inikwa amandla yinjini kagesi kuphela.

Ukuguqulwa kwezibonelo ze-LEV: Isithuthuthu sikagesi siyasuswa futhi kwengezwe izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu (UAV).

• Ukwengezwa kwencazelo yedivayisi ye-E-mobility yomuntu siqu: I-devide yomthengi ehloselwe umgibeli oyedwa onesitimela esishajwa kabusha sikagesi esibhalansisa futhi siqhube umgibeli, futhi i-whcih ingase inikezwe isibambo sokubamba ngenkathi ugibele. Le devide ingase ikwazi ukuzilinganisela yona noma ingabi nayo.
• Ukwengezwa kwezincazelo Zokuvikela Okudlulele Okuyisisekelo, Ukuvikelwa Kokuphepha Okuyisisekelo, Amadivayisi Okuvikela Asebenzayo, namadivayisi okuvikela angenzi lutho.
• Ukwengezwa kwencazelo yamaseli e-Sodium Ion: Amaseli afanayo ekwakhiweni kwamaseli e-lithium ion ngaphandle kokuthi asebenzisa i-sodium njenge-ion yokuthutha ene-electrode eqondile ehlanganisa inhlanganisela ye-sodium, kanye ne-carbon noma uhlobo olufanayo lwe-anode enamanzi noma engeyona amanzi. kanye nenhlanganisela yesodium usawoti oncibilikiswe ku-electrolyte.

Izinguquko ezidingweni zesakhiwo

Izingxenye Zensimbi Ukumelana Nokugqwala

1.Izindawo ezivalekile zokugcinwa kwamandla kagesi engqondo (EESA) zizomelana nokugqwala. Izivalo zensimbi ezenziwe ngezinto ezilandelayo zizobhekwa njengokuhambisana nezidingo zokumelana nokugqwala:

Ithusi, i-aluminium, noma insimbi engagqwali; futhi

b) Ithusi noma ithusi, okunye okuqukethe okungenani u-80% wethusi.

2. Ukwengezwa kwezidingo zokumelana nokugqwala kwezindawo ezivalekile ezivundile:

Izivalo ezisansimbi zokufakwa endlini zizovikeleka ekugqwaleni ngokufakwa koqweqwe lwawo, ukupenda, ukwenza uthayela, noma ezinye izindlela ezifanayo. Izivalo ezisansimbi zokufakwa ngaphandle zizothobela ukuhlolwa kwesifutho sikasawoti samahora angu-600 ku-CSA C22.2 No. 94.2 / UL 50E. Izindlela ezengeziwe zokufinyelela ukuvikelwa kokugqwala ngokuya nge-CSA C22.2 No. 94.2 / UL 50E zingamukelwa.

Amazinga Wokushiswa Kwezingqimba kanye Nendawo Yokuzivikela Evikelayo

Ukuthobela uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluvikelayo kungahlolwa ngokwento entsha yokuhlola ehlakaniphile yaleli zinga - ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka kwesisekelo.

Ukuhlaziya Ukuphepha

1.Ukwengezwa kwezibonelo zokuhlaziya ukuphepha. Ukuhlaziywa kokuphepha kwesistimu kufanele kufakazele ukuthi izimo ezilandelayo aziyingozi. Lezi zimo ezilandelayo zizocatshangelwa okungenani, kodwa azikhawulelwe kulokhu:

a) Iseli yebhethri i-over-voltage kanye ne-low-voltage;

b) Ibhethri lishisa kakhulu futhi lingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa; futhi

c) Izimo zokushajwa kwebhethri sezidlulele manje kanye nezimo zokuphuma.

2. Ukuguqulwa kwezidingo zedivayisi yokuvikela ukuphepha (hardware):

a)Izidingo ze-Farilure-Mode kanye Nokuhlaziywa Komphumela (FMEA) ku-UL 991;

b)Ukuvikelwa Kumaphutha Angaphakathi Ukuqinisekisa Izimfuneko Zokuphepha Ezisebenzayo ku-UL 60730-1 noma i-CSA E60730-1 (Isigatshana H.27.1.2); noma

c)Ukuvikelwa Kumaphutha Ukuqinisekisa Izimfuneko Zokuphepha Ezisebenzayo (Izimfuneko Zekilasi B) ku-CSA C22.2 No.0.8 (Isigaba 5.5) ukuze kunqunywe ukuthobelana nokuhlonza izivivinyo ezidingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubekezelela iphutha elilodwa.

3. Ukuguqulwa kwezidingo zokuvikela ukuphepha kwe-doevide (software):

a) UL 1998;

b)Izidingo zeSoftware Class B ze-CSA C22.2 No.0.8; noma

c)I-Contrils Esebenzisa Izidingo Zesofthiwe (Izimfuneko Ze-Software Class B) ku-UL 60730-1 (Isigatshana H.11.12) noma i-CSA E60730-1.

4.Ukwengezwa kwezidingo ze-BMS zokuvikela iseli.

Uma kuthenjelwe kuwo ekugcineni amaseli ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yawo yokusebenza ecacisiwe, isistimu yokuphatha ibhethri (BMS) izogcina amaseli ngaphakathi kwevoltheji yeseli eshiwo kanye nemikhawulo yamanje ukuze ivikeleke ekukhokhisweni ngokweqile nasekukhishweni ngokweqile. I-BMS izophinda igcine amaseli ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yezinga lokushisa eshiwo enikeza ukuvikeleka ekushiseni ngokweqile nangaphansi kokusebenza ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa. Lapho ubuyekeza amasekhethi okuphepha ukuze anqume ukuthi imikhawulo yesifunda sokusebenza kwamaseli iyagcinwa, ukubekezelelwa kwesekethe/ingxenye yokuvikela kuzocatshangelwa ekuhlolweni. Izingxenye ezinjengama-fuse, ama-circuit breaker noma amanye amadivaysi nezingxenye ezitholwe zidingekile ekusebenzeni okuhlosiwe kwesistimu yebhethri okudingeka ukuthi zihlinzekwe ekupheleni kokusebenzisa i-LEV, zizokhonjwa emiyalweni yokufaka.

Ukwengezwa kwezidingo zesekethe yokuvikela.

Uma imikhawulo yokusebenza ecacisiwe yeqiwa, isifunda sokuvikela sizokhawulela noma sivale ukushaja noma ukushajwa ukuze kuvinjelwe uhambo olungaphezu kwemikhawulo yokusebenza. Uma kwenzeka isimo esiyingozi, isistimu izoqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngomsebenzi wokuphepha noma iye endaweni ephephile (SS) noma isimo esibhekiswe kubungozi (i-RA). Uma umsebenzi wokuphepha wonakalisiwe, isistimu iyohlala isesimweni esiphephile noma isimo esibhekene nengozi kuze kube yilapho umsebenzi wokuphepha usubuyiselwe futhi uhlelo seluthathwa njengolwamukelekile ukusebenza.

Ukwengezwa kwezidingo ze-EMC.

Amasekhethi esifunda esiqinile nezilawuli zesofthiwe, okuthenjelwe kukho njengesivikelo sokuphepha esiyinhloko, zizohlolwa futhi zihlolwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungatheleleki kwe-electromagnetic Immunity ngokuhambisana ne-Electromagnetic Immunity Tests ye-UL 1973 uma ingahloliwe njengengxenye yokuhlola okujwayelekile kokuphepha.

Iseli

1.Ukwengezwa kwezimfuneko zamaseli e-Sodium ion. Amaseli e-sodium ion azothobelana nezidingo zeseli ye-sodium ion ye-UL/ULC 2580 (efana nokusebenza kanye nemfuneko yokumaka yamaseli e-lithium yesibili ku-UL/ULC 2580), okuhlanganisa ukuthobela zonke izivivinyo zokusebenza kwamaseli.

2.Ukwengezwa kwezimfuneko zamaseli asetshenziswe kabusha. Amabhethri namasistimu ebhethri asebenzisa amaseli enziwe kabusha namabhethri azoqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye eziphinde zasetshenziswa zidlule kunqubo eyamukelekayo yokuphinda zisetshenziswe ngokuvumelana ne-UL 1974.

Ukuhlola Izinguquko

Ukuhlolwa Kwemali Eqile

• Ukwengezwa kwesidingo sokuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, i-voltage yamaseli izolinganiswa.
• Ukwengezwa kwemfuneko yokuthi Uma i-BMS yehlisa ukushaja kwamanje ku-valve ephansi eduze nokuphela kwesigaba sokushaja, isampula izoshajwa ngokuqhubekayo nomsinga wokushaja oncishisiwe kuze kube yilapho kuvela imiphumela yokugcina.
• Ukususwa kwemfuneko yokuthi uma idivayisi yokuvikela esesekeni isebenza, ukuhlolwa kuzophindwa okungenani imizuzu eyi-10 ku-90% wendawo yohambo lwedivayisi yokuvikela noma kumaphesenti athile ephoyinti lohambo elivumela ukushaja.
• Ukwengezwa kwemfuneko yokuthi ngenxa yokuhlolwa kokukhokhiswa ngokweqile, i-volatge yokushaja ephezulu elinganiswe kumaseli akufanele idlule indawo yawo evamile yokusebenza.

izinga eliphezulu lokushaja

• Ukwengezwa Kokuhlolwa Kwezinga Eliphakeme Lokukhokhiswa (izimfuneko zokuhlola ezifanayo njenge-UL 1973);
• Ukubambezeleka kwe-BMS nakho kuyacatshangelwa emphumeleni wokuhlola: Umsinga wokushaja oweqile ungase weqe umthamo omkhulu wamanje wokushaja isikhathi esifushane (phakathi kwamasekhondi ambalwa) ongaphakathi kwesikhathi sokulibaziseka sokutholwa kwe-BMS.

Isifunda Esifushane

• Iqeda imfuneko yokuthi uma idivayisi yokuvikela esesekeni isebenza, ukuhlola kuyaphindwa ku-90% wendawo yohambo yedivayisi yokuvikela noma kumaphesenti athile ephoyinti lohambo elivumela ukushaja okungenani imizuzu eyi-10.

Oi-verloadNgaphansiKhiphaTest

• Ukwengezwa kokulayishwa ngokweqile Ngaphansi Kokuhlolwa Kokukhishwa (izimfuneko zokuhlola ziyafana ne-UL 1973)

Ukukhipha ngokweqile

• Ukwengezwa kwemfuneko yokuthi i-voltage yamaseli izokalwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.
• Ukwengezwa kwemfuneko yokuthi ngenxa yokuhlolwa kokukhipha ngokweqile, i-voltage encane yokukhipha elinganiswa kumaseli akufanele idlule ububanzi bawo obujwayelekile bokusebenza.

Ukuhlolwa kwezinga lokushisa (ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa)

• Ukwengezwa kwemfuneko yokuthi uma izilinganiso zokushaja eziphezulu zihluka ngokwezinga lokushisa, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamapharamitha wokushaja nezinga lokushisa kuzocaciswa ngokucacile emiyalweni yokushaja futhi i-DUT izokhokhiswa ngaphansi kwemingcele yokushaja enzima kakhulu.
• Shintsha imfuneko yesimo sangaphambili. Imijikelezo yokushaja nokukhipha iphinde iphindwe ngenani elincane lemijikelezo emi-2 yokushaja nokukhipha, kuze kube imijikelezo yokushaja elandelanayo nokukhipha ingaqhubeki nokwandisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu leseli ngaphezu kuka-2 °C. kunguqulo endala)
• Ukwengezwa kwemfuneko yokuthi ukuvikela okushisayo kanye nemishini yokuvikela i-overcurrent ngeke isebenze.

Grounding Continuity Test

Ukwengezwa kwe-Grounding Continuity Test (izidingo zokuhlola ziyafana ne-UL 2580)

Isivivinyo Sokubekezelela I-Single Cell Failure Design

Amabhethri e-lithium yesibili anamandla alinganiselwe angaphezu kuka-1kWh azofakwa ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kokubekezelela kwe-Single Cell Failure Design of UL/ULC 2580).

Isifinyezoy

Inguqulo entsha ye-UL 2271 ikhansela izithuthuthu zikagesi ebangeni lomkhiqizo (izithuthuthu zikagesi zizofakwa kububanzi be-UL 2580) futhi zengeza ama-drones; ngokuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-sodium-ion, ama-LEV ayanda awasebenzisa njengamandla kagesi. Izidingo zamaseli e-sodium-ion zengezwa ezingeni lenguqulo entsha. Mayelana nokuhlola, imininingwane yokuhlola nayo iye yathuthukiswa futhi kuqashelwa kakhulu ukuphepha kweseli. I-thermal Runaway yengezwe kumabhethri amakhulu.

Ngaphambilini, iDolobha laseNew York laligunyaze ukuthi amabhethri amabhayisikili kagesi, izikuta zikagesi, nezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ezilula (LEV) kufanele zithobelane ne-UL 2271. Lokhu kubuyekezwa okujwayelekile futhi kuwukulawula ngokugcwele ukuphepha kwebhethri lamabhayisikili kagesi nezinye izisetshenziswa. Uma izinkampani zifuna ukungena ngempumelelo emakethe yaseNyakatho Melika, kumele ziqonde futhi zihlangabezane nezidingo zamazinga amasha ngesikhathi esifanele.