Ingemuva

Uhulumeni wase-US usungule uhlelo lokufinyelela emakethe oluphelele futhi oluqinile lwezimoto. Ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokwethemba amabhizinisi, iminyango kahulumeni ayigadi zonke izinqubo zokunikeza izitifiketi nokuhlola. Umkhiqizi angakhetha indlela efanele yokwenza ukuziqinisekisa futhi amemezele ukuthi kuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zemithethonqubo. Umsebenzi omkhulu kahulumeni wukugadwa nokujezisa.

Isistimu yokuqinisekisa imoto yase-US ihlanganisa lezi zitifiketi ezilandelayo:

• Isitifiketi se-DOT: Itkuhilelaukuphepha kwezimoto, ukonga amandla kanye nokulwa nobugebengu. Ilawulwa kakhulu uMnyango Wezokuthutha wase-US / Ukuphathwa Kwezokuphepha Komgwaqo Kazwelonke onguthelawayeka. Abakhiqizi bezimoto bayamemezela ukuthi bayahlangabezana yini ne-Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) ngokuzihlola, futhi uhulumeni usebenzisa uhlelo lwesitifiketi sangemva kokugadwa.
• Isitifiketi se-EPA: I-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yenza isitifiketi se-EPA ngaphansi kwegunya leClean Air Act. Isitifiketi se-EPA futhi sinezici eziningi zokuziqinisekisa. Isitifiketi sihloselwe kakhulu ukuvikela imvelo.
• Isitifiketi se-CARB: I-CARB (i-California Air Resources Board) iyisifunda sokuqala e-US / emhlabeni ukukhipha amazinga okukhishwa kwezimoto. Ukungena kule makethe kudinga eminye yemithetho eqinile yezemvelo emhlabeni. Ezimotweni ezilungele ukuthunyelwa eCalifornia, abakhiqizi kufanele bathole isitifiketi esihlukile se-CARB.

I-DOT isitifiketi

Igunya lesitifiketi

I-US DOT inesibopho sokulawula ezokuthutha ezweni lonke, okuhlanganisa izimoto, ezokuthutha zasolwandle nezomoya. I-NHTSA, indikimba engaphansi ye-DOT, iyisiphathimandla esiqinisekisiwe se-DOT esibhekele ukusetha nokuphoqelela i-FMVSS. Igunya eliphakeme kakhulu lokuphepha kwezimoto kuhulumeni wase-US.

Isitifiketi se-DOT siwukuziqinisekisa (ukuqinisekiswa komkhiqizo yifekthri ngokwayo noma inkampani yangaphandle, bese ufaka isicelo nge-DOT). Umkhiqizi usebenzisa noma yiziphi izindlela ezifanele zokunikeza isitifiketi, ugcina amarekhodi azo zonke izivivinyo phakathi nenqubo yokuziqinisekisa, futhi unamathisele umaka unomphela endaweni eqokiwe yemoto eshoyo ukuthi le moto ithobela yonke imithetho esebenzayo ye-FMVSS lapho iphuma efektri. Ukuqedwa kwalezi zinyathelo ezingenhla kubonisa ukudlula kwesitifiketi se-DOT, futhi i-NHTSA ngeke ikhiphe amalebula noma izitifiketi emotweni noma okokusebenza.

Okujwayelekile

Imithetho ye-DOT esebenza ezimotweni ihlukaniswe ngezigaba zobuchwepheshe nezokuphatha. Imithetho yezobuchwepheshe iwuchungechunge lwe-FMVSS, futhi imithetho yokuphatha inguchungechunge lwe-49CFR50.

Ezimotweni zikagesi, ngaphezu kokuhlangabezana nokumelana nokushayisana, ukugwema ukushayisana nezinye izindinganiso ezisebenza ezimotweni zendabuko, kufanele futhi zihambisane ne-FMVSS 305: ukuchichima kwe-electrolyte nokuvikelwa kokushaqeka kukagesi ngaphambi kokuba zinamathisele umaki we-DOT ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokulawula ezifanele.

I-FMVSS 305 icacisa izidingo zokuphepha ezimotweni zikagesi ngesikhathi nangemva kokuphahlazeka.

• Ububanzi bokusebenza: Izimoto ezithwala abagibeli ezinamandla kagesi okusebenza angekho ngaphansi kuka-60 Vdc noma 30 Vac njengamandla okushayela, kanye nezimoto zabagibeli bezinhloso eziningi, amaloli namabhasi anesisindo esiphelele esingeqile ku-4536 kg.
• Indlela yokuhlola: Ngemuva komthelela wangaphambili, umthelela oseceleni kanye nomthelela wangemuva wemoto kagesi, ngaphezu kokungabi bikho kwe-electrolyte engena endaweni yabagibeli, ibhethri kufanele ligcinwe lisendaweni futhi akumele lingene endaweni yabagibeli, kanye nezidingo zikagesi zokufakwa ngaphakathi. I-impedance kufanele ibe nkulu kunenani elijwayelekile. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa kokuphahlazeka, ukuhlolwa kwe-static roll kwenziwa ku-90° umqulu ngamunye ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi i-electrolyte ayivuzi egumbini labagibeli kunoma iyiphi i-engeli ye-rollover.

Umnyango wokugada

Umnyango ophethe wokugadwa kwezitifiketi ze-DOT yi-Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance (OVSC) ngaphansi kwe-NHTSA, ezokwenza ukuhlolwa okungahleliwe ezimotweni namadivayisi njalo ngonyaka. Ukuhlolwa kokuthobela imithetho kuzokwenziwa elabhorethri ebambisene ne-OVSC. Ukuziqinisekisa komkhiqizi kuzofakazelwa ukuthi kusebenza ngempumelelo ngokuhlolwa.

Khumbula abaphathi

I-NHTSA ikhipha amazinga okuphepha kwezimoto futhi idinga ukuthi abakhiqizi bakhumbule izimoto namathuluzi anokukhubazeka okuhlobene nokuphepha. Abathengi bangakwazi ukuphendula ngezinkinga zezimoto zabo kuwebhusayithi ye-NHTSA. I-NHTSA izohlaziya futhi iphenye ulwazi olulethwe abathengi, futhi inqume ukuthi ingabe umenzi udinga ukuqalisa izinqubo zokukhumbula.

Ezinye izindinganiso

Ngaphezu kwesitifiketi se-DOT, isistimu yokuhlola ukuphepha kwemoto kagesi yase-US ihlanganisa namazinga e-SAE, amazinga e-UL kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphahlazeka kwe-IIHS, njll.

SAE

I-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), eyasungulwa ngo-1905, iyinhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yezemfundo yobunjiniyela bezimoto. Izinto zocwaningo izimoto zendabuko, izimoto zikagesi, izindiza, izinjini, izinto zokwakha kanye nokukhiqiza. Amazinga athuthukiswe yi-SAE anegunya futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi imboni yezimoto nezinye izimboni, futhi ingxenye enkulu yawo yamukelwa njengamazinga kazwelonke e-United States. I-SAE ikhipha amazinga kuphela futhi ayinasibopho sokugunyazwa komkhiqizo.

Isiphetho

Uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo Lokuvunyelwa Kohlobo LwaseYurophu, imakethe yase-US yezimoto zikagesi inomkhawulo ophansi wokungena, ubungozi obungokomthetho obuphezulu kanye nokugadwa kwemakethe okuqinile. Iziphathimandla zase-USqhuba imaketheukugadwa minyaka yonke. Futhi uma ukungathobeli kutholwa, inhlawulo izokhishwa ngokuhambisana ne-49CFR 578 – IZIJEZISO ZOMPHAKATHI KANYE NEZOBUGEBENGU. Kuphrojekthi ngayinye yemoto noma yempahla yemoto, ukwephulwa ngakunye okuthinta ukuphepha kwenzeka futhi ukwehluleka ngakunye noma ukwenqaba ukwenza izenzo ezidingwa yisiphi salezi zigaba kuzojeziswa. Isamba esiphezulu sesijeziso somphakathi ngokwephula umthetho siyizigidi ezingama-$105. Ngokuhlaziywa okungenhla kwezimfuneko zokulawula zohlelo lwesitifiketi sase-US, sithemba ukusiza amabhizinisi asekhaya ukuthi abe nokuqonda okuphelele kwesistimu yokulawula ukufinyelela kwezimoto nezingxenye zemikhiqizo yase-US, kanye nokusiza ukuhlangabezana namazinga ahambisanayo nezimfuneko, okuwusizo. ukuthuthukisa imakethe yaseMelika.