Ubuchwepheshe bokuphakela ugesi obungaphazamiseki (i-UPS) busetshenziswe ezinhlelweni ezahlukene iminyaka eminingi ukuze kusekelwe ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwemithwalo ebalulekile ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kwamandla avela kugridi. Lawa masistimu asetshenziswe ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene ukuze anikeze ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe ekuphazamisekeni kwegridi okuphazamisa ukusebenza kwemithwalo echaziwe. Izinhlelo ze-UPS zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuvikela amakhompyutha, izinsiza zamakhompiyutha kanye nemishini yezokuxhumana. Ngokuthuthuka kwakamuva kobuchwepheshe obusha bamandla, amasistimu okugcina amandla (ESS) ande ngokushesha. I-ESS, ikakhulukazi labo abasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bebhethri, ngokuvamile bahlinzekwa imithombo evuselelekayo efana namandla elanga noma omoya futhi inika amandla ukugcinwa kwamandla akhiqizwa yile mithombo ukuze asetshenziswe ngezikhathi ezihlukile.

Izinga lamanje le-US ANSI le-UPS yi-UL 1778, Izinga Lezinhlelo Zamandla Angaphazamiseki. kanye ne-CSA-C22.2 No. 107.3 yaseCanada. I-UL 9540, Izinga le-Energy Storage Systems and Equipment, indinganiso kazwelonke yaseMelika naseCanada ye-ESS. Nakuba kokubili imikhiqizo ye-UPS evuthiwe kanye ne-ESS ethuthukayo ekhiqizwayo inokufana okuthile ezixazululweni zobuchwepheshe, ukusebenza nokufakwa, kunomehluko obalulekile. Leli phepha lizobuyekeza ukuhluka okubalulekile, lichaze izidingo zokuphepha komkhiqizo ezisebenzayo ezihlotshaniswa nakho ngakunye futhi lifingqe ukuthi amakhodi avela kanjani ekusingatheni zombili izinhlobo zokufakwa.

SethulaI-UPS

Ukwakheka

Isistimu ye-UPS iwuhlelo lukagesi oluklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngamandla amanje ashintshanayo esikhashana emithwalo ebalulekile uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kwegridi kagesi noma ezinye izindlela zokuhluleka komthombo wamandla amakhulu. I-UPS ilinganiswa ukuze inikeze ukuqhubeka ngokushesha kwenani elinqunywe kusengaphambili lamandla ngesikhathi esithile. Lokhu kuvumela umthombo wamandla wesibili, isb, ijeneretha, ukuthi ungene ku-inthanethi futhi uqhubeke nokwenza isipele samandla. I-UPS ingase ivale ngokuphephile imithwalo engabalulekile ngenkathi iqhubeka nokunikeza amandla emithwalweni yemishini ebaluleke kakhulu. Izinhlelo ze-UPS bezilokhu zinikeza lolu xhaso olubalulekile lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene iminyaka eminingi. I-UPS izosebenzisa amandla agciniwe asuka emthonjeni wamandla odidiyelwe. Lokhu ngokuvamile ibhange lebhethri, i-supercapacitor noma ukunyakaza kokusebenza kwe-flywheel njengomthombo wamandla.

I-UPS evamile esebenzisa ibhange lebhethri ukuze inikezwe ihlanganisa izingxenye eziyinhloko ezilandelayo:

Isilungisi/ishaja - Lesi sigaba se-UPS sithatha umphakeli we-AC mains, siyilungise futhi sikhiqize amandla kagesi e-DC asetshenziselwa ukushaja amabhethri.

• I-Inverter - Uma kwenzeka kuhluleka ukunikezwa kwamapayipi amakhulu, i-inverter izoguqula amandla e-DC agcinwe kumabhethri abe okukhipha amandla ahlanzekile e-AC afanele izinto ezisekelwayo.

• Iswishi yokudlulisa – Isisetshenziswa esishintshayo esizenzakalelayo nesisheshayo esidlulisa amandla avela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, isib. amapayipi amakhulu, isiguquli se-UPS nejeneretha, siye emthwalweni obalulekile.

• Ibhange lebhethri – Igcina amandla adingekayo ukuze i-UPS yenze umsebenzi wayo ohlosiwe.

Izindinganiso zamanje kumasistimu e-UPS

• Izinga lamanje lase-US ANSI le-UPS yi-UL 1778/C22.2 No. 107.3, i-Standard for Uninterruptible Power Systems, elichaza i-UPS “njengenhlanganisela yeziguquli, amaswishi, namadivayisi okugcina amandla (njengamabhethri) akha amandla uhlelo lokugcina ukuqhubeka kwamandla emlayishweni uma amandla okufaka ehluleka."

• Ngaphansi kokuthuthukiswa kukhona izinhlelo ezintsha ze-IEC 62040-1 kanye ne-IEC 62477-1. I-UL/CSA 62040-1 (isebenzisa i-UL/CSA 62477-1 njengezinga lesithenjwa) izovunyelaniswa nalawa mazinga.

Sethula ukugcinwa kwamandla amasistimu (ESS)

Ama-ESS athola amandla njengempendulo ezinseleleni eziningi ezibhekene nokutholakala kanye

ukwethembeka emakethe yamandla yanamuhla. I-ESS, ikakhulukazi labo abasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bebhethri, isiza ukunciphisa ukutholakala okuguquguqukayo kwemithombo evuselelekayo efana namandla elanga noma omoya. I-ESS iwumthombo wamandla athembekile phakathi nezikhathi zokusetshenziswa okuphezulu futhi ingasiza ngokuphathwa komthwalo, ukushintshashintsha kwamandla kanye neminye imisebenzi ehlobene negridi. I-ESS isetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa, ukuhweba, izimboni kanye nezicelo zokuhlala.

Izindinganiso zamanje ze-ESS

I-UL 9540, Izinga le-Energy Storage Systems and Equipment, indinganiso kazwelonke yaseMelika naseCanada ye-ESS.

• Ishicilelwe okokuqala ngo-2016, i-UL 9540 ihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi be-ESS okufaka amasistimu okugcina amandla ebhethri (BESS). I-UL 9540 iphinde ihlanganise nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokugcina: i-ESS yomshini, isb, isitoreji se-flywheel esibhangqwe nejeneretha, ikhemikhali i-ESS, isb, ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen ehlanganiswe nesistimu ye-fuel cell, kanye ne-thermal ESS, isb, isitoreji sokushisa esicashile esibhangqwe nejeneretha.
• UL 9540, uhlelo lwayo lwesibili luchaza isistimu yokugcina amandla ngokuthi “Izisetshenziswa ezithola amandla bese zinikeza indlela yokugcina lawo mandla ngenye indlela ukuze asetshenziswe kamuva ukuze kuhlinzekwe amandla kagesi lapho kudingeka.” Uhlelo lwesibili lwe-UL 9540 ludinga futhi ukuthi i-BESS ikhonjelwe ku-UL 9540A, Indlela Yokuhlola Okujwayelekile Yokuhlola Ukusakazeka Komlilo Obalekayo Okushisayo Kusistimu Yesitoreji Samandla Ebhethri, uma kudingekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokuhlukile kumakhodi.
• I-UL 9540 okwamanje isohlelweni lwayo lwesithathu.

Ukuqhathanisa i-ESS ne-UPS

Imisebenzi kanye nobukhulu

I-ESS iyafana ekwakhiweni kwe-UPS kodwa iyahluka ekusetshenzisweni kwayo. Njenge-UPS, i-ESS ihlanganisa indlela yokugcina amandla efana namabhethri, okokusebenza kokuguqula amandla, isb, ama-inverter, nezinye izinto zikagesi nezilawuli ezihlukahlukene. Ngokungafani ne-UPS, nokho, i-ESS ingase isebenze ngokuhambisana negridi, okuholela ekubhayisikilini okukhulu kwesistimu kunalokho okungake kwenzeke i-UPS. I-ESS ingahlanganyela ngokuhlanganyela negridi noma ngemodi ezimele, noma kokubili, kuye ngohlobo lwesistimu yokuguqula amandla esetshenziswayo. I-ESS ingase isebenze njengomsebenzi we-UPS. Njenge-UPS, i-ESS ingaba ngosayizi abahlukahlukene isuka ohlelweni oluncane lwezindlu olungaphansi kuka-20 kWh wamandla ukuya ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zisebenzisa amasistimu weziqukathi zamandla amamegawathi amaningi anama-rack amaningi amabhethri ngaphakathi kwesitsha.

Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nokuphepha

Amakhemistri webhethri ajwayelekile asetshenziswa ku-UPS ahlezi angamabhethri e-lead-acid noma i-nickel-cadmium. Ngokungafani ne-UPS, i-BESS isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana namabhethri e-lithium-ion kusukela ekuqaleni ngoba amabhethri e-lithium-ion anokusebenza komjikelezo ongcono kanye nokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu, okunganikeza amandla engeziwe endaweni encane yomzimba. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion nawo anezidingo zokukhanda eziphansi kakhulu kunobuchwepheshe bebhethri obujwayelekile. Kodwa okwamanje, amabhethri e-lithium-ion nawo aya ngokuya asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-UPS.

Kodwa-ke, ingozi embi kakhulu e-Arizona ngo-2019 ehilela i-ESS esetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza yaholela ekulimaleni okubi kubaphenduli bokuqala abambalwa futhi yadonsa ukunaka kwababambe iqhaza abahlukahlukene, okubandakanya abalawuli nezinhlangano zomshwalense. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi le nsimu ekhulayo ayiphazanyiswa yizigameko zokuphepha ezigwemekayo, ukucaciswa okufanele kanye namazinga kufanele kuthuthukiswe i-ESS. Ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuthuthukiswa kokucaciswa okufanele kwezokuphepha kanye namazinga e-ESS, uMnyango Wezamandla wase-US (i-DOE) wethule inkundla yokuqala yaminyaka yonke ye-ESS Safety and Reliability ngo-2015.

Iforamu yokuqala ye-DOE ESS ibe nesandla enanini elikhulu lomsebenzi ekucacisweni kwe-ESS namazinga. Okuphawuleka kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwe-NEC No. 706 kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-NFPA 855, indinganiso yokufakwa kwesistimu yokugcina amandla emile, ethinta ngokuqondile izinga lezinhlelo zamabhethri amile ku-ICC IFC kanye ne-NFPA 1. Namuhla, i-NEC ne-NFPA 855 zine ibuyekezwe ezinguqulweni zika-2023.

Isimo samanje samazinga we-ESS kanye ne-UPS

Umgomo wayo yonke imithetho kanye nemisebenzi yokuthuthukiswa kwamazinga wukubhekana ngokwanele nokuvikeleka kwalezi zinhlelo. Ngeshwa, izindinganiso zamanje zidale ukudideka okuthile embonini.

1.NFPA 855. Idokhumenti eyinhloko ethinta ukufakwa kwe-BESS ne-UPS inguqulo yango-2020 ye-NFPA 855, Izinga Lokufakwa Kwezinhlelo Zokugcina Amandla Okumisa. I-NFPA 855 ichaza isitoreji samandla ngokuthi “inhlanganisela yedivayisi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ekwazi ukugcina amandla ukuze ahlinzekwe esikhathini esizayo kumthwalo kagesi wendawo, amagridi okusetshenziswayo, noma ukwesekwa kwegridi.” Le ncazelo ihlanganisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-UPS ne-ESS. Ukwengeza, i-NFPA 855 namakhodi omlilo adinga ukuthi ama-ESS ahlolwe futhi agunyazwe ku-UL 9540. Nokho, i-UL 1778 ibilokhu iyindinganiso evamile yokuphepha komkhiqizo ye-UPS. Uhlelo luye lwahlolwa ngokuzimela ukuze luhambisane nezidingo zokuphepha ezisebenzayo futhi lusekela ukufakwa okuphephile. Ngakho-ke, imfuneko ye-UL 9540 ibangele ukudideka okuthile embonini.

2. UL 9540A. I-UL 9540A idinga ukuqala kusukela kuleveli yebhethri nokuhlola isinyathelo ngesinyathelo kuze kudlule izinga lokufaka. Lezi zidingo ziholela ekutheni amasistimu e-UPS abe ngaphansi kwamazinga okumaketha ayengadingeki esikhathini esidlule.

3.UL 1973. UL 1973 izinga lokuphepha lesistimu yebhethri le-ESS ne-UPS. Nokho, inguqulo ye-UL 1973-2018 ayifaki izinhlinzeko zokuhlola zamabhethri e-lead-asidi, okuphinde kube yinselele kumasistimu e-UPS asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bebhethri obuvamile obufana namabhethri e-lead-acid.

Isifinyezo

Okwamanje, kokubili i-NEC (Ikhodi Kagesi Kazwelonke) kanye ne-NFPA 855 zicacisa lezi zincazelo.

• Isibonelo, inguqulo yango-2023 ye-NFPA 855 icacisa ukuthi amabhethri athile e-lead-acid ne-nickel-cadmium (600 V noma ngaphansi) afakwe kuhlu ku-UL 1973.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasistimu ebhethri le-lead-acid aqinisekisiwe futhi amakwe ngokuya nge-UL 1778 awadingi ukuqinisekiswa ngokuya nge-UL 9540 uma esetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla oyisipele.

Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokuntuleka kwamazinga okuhlola amabhethri e-lead-acid kanye ne-nickel-cadmium ku-UL 1973, iSithasiselo H (Hlola ezinye izindlela esikhundleni se-lead-acid elawulwayo noma amabhethri e-lead-acid noma i-nickel-cadmium) yengezwe ngokukhethekile uhlelo lwesithathu lwe-UL 1973 olukhishwe ngoFebhuwari 2022.

Lezi zinguquko zimelela intuthuko enhle ukuze kuhlukaniswe izidingo zokufakwa okuphephile kwe-UPS ne-ESS. Umsebenzi owengeziwe uhlanganisa ukubuyekeza I-athikili ye-NEC 480 ukuze kudingidwe kangcono izidingo zokufakwa kobuchwepheshe obungaphandle kwe-lead-acid ne-nickel-cadmium. Ukwengeza, izinga le-NFPA 855 lidinga ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe ukuze linikeze ukucaciseleka okwengeziwe ngemithetho yokuvikela umlilo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezimile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyi-UPS noma i-ESS.

Umbhali uthemba ukuthi izinguquko eziqhubekayo zizothuthukisa ukuphepha kwemboni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-UPS yendabuko noma i-ESS isetshenziswa. Njengoba sibona izixazululo zesitoreji samandla zanda ngezindlela ezibalulekile nezisheshayo, ukubhekana nokuphepha kwangaphakathi kwemikhiqizo kubalulekile ekuvuleni ubuhlakani obusha bokuphepha kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi.