Ingemuva

Ngo-1800, isazi sefilosofi sase-Italy u-A. Volta wakha inqwaba ye-voltaic, eyavula ukuqala kwamabhethri asebenzayo futhi yachaza ngokokuqala ngqa ukubaluleka kwe-electrolyte kumadivayisi okugcina amandla e-electrochemical.I-electrolyte ingabonakala njengesendlalelo se-electronic insulating kanye ne-ion-conducting ngendlela ewuketshezi noma eqinile, efakwe phakathi kwama-electrode angalungile kanye nama-positive.Njengamanje, i-electrolyte ethuthuke kakhulu yenziwa ngokuncibilikisa usawoti we-lithium oqinile (isb.Njengokwefomu leseli elijwayelekile kanye nomklamo, i-electrolyte ngokuvamile ithatha u-8% kuya ku-15% wesisindo seseli.Ini's ngaphezulu, ukuvutha kwayo kanye nezinga lokushisa elilungile lokusebenza lika -10°C kuya ku-60°C ivimbela kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokuminyana kwamandla ebhethri nokuphepha.Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka okusha kwe-electrolyte kuthathwa njengokuvula amandla okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesizukulwane esilandelayo samabhethri amasha.

Abacwaningi futhi basebenzela ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezahlukene ze-electrolyte.Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinyibilikisi ezine-fluorinated ezingafinyelela ukusebenza kahle kwe-lithium metal cycling, i-organic or inorganic solid electrolyte eyinzuzo embonini yezimoto kanye "namabhethri e-solid state" (SSB).Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi uma i-electrolyte eqinile ithatha indawo ye-electrolyte yokuqala yoketshezi kanye ne-diaphragm, ukuphepha, ukuminyana kwamandla kanye nempilo yebhethri kungathuthukiswa kakhulu.Okulandelayo, sifingqa ngokuyinhloko inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lwama-electrolyte aqinile ngezinto ezahlukahlukene.

Ama-electrolyte aqinile angaphili

Ama-electrolyte aqinile angaphili asetshenziswe kumishini yokugcina amandla kagesi we-electrochemical, njengamabhethri ashisekayo ashisekayo aphezulu i-Na-S, amabhethri e-Na-NiCl2 namabhethri ayinhloko e-Li-I2.Emuva ngo-2019, u-Hitachi Zosen (Japan) wabonisa ibhethri lesikhwama sesikhwama esiqinile esingu-140 mAh elizosetshenziswa emkhathini futhi lihlolwe ku-International Space Station (ISS).Leli bhethri lakhiwe i-sulfide electrolyte nezinye izingxenye zebhethri ezingadalulwanga, ezikwazi ukusebenza phakathi -40°C kanye ne-100°C. Ngo-2021 inkampani yethula umthamo ophezulu webhethri eliqinile elingu-1,000 mAh.U-Hitachi Zosen ubona isidingo samabhethri aqinile ezindaweni ezinokhahlo njengesikhala nemishini yezimboni esebenza endaweni evamile.Inkampani ihlela ukuphinda kabili umthamo webhethri ngo-2025. Kodwa kuze kube manje, awukho umkhiqizo webhethri wesimo esiqinile ongasetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi.

Ama-electrolyte e-organic semi-solid futhi aqinile

Esigabeni se-organic solid electrolyte, i-Bolloré yase-France ithengise ngempumelelo i-electrolyte yohlobo lwe-PVDF-HFP kanye ne-electrolyte yohlobo lwejeli i-PEO.Le nkampani iphinde yethula izinhlelo zokushayela izimoto eNyakatho Melika, e-Europe nase-Asia ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe bebhethri ezimotweni zikagesi, kodwa leli bhethri le-polymer alikaze lamukelwe kabanzi ezimotweni zabagibeli.Isici esisodwa esinomthelela ekuthathweni kwabo okungekuhle kwezentengiselwano ukuthi zingasetshenziswa kuphela emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu (50°C ku80°C) kanye nobubanzi be-voltage ephansi.Lawa mabhethri manje asetshenziswa ezimotweni zentengiso, njengamabhasi athile asedolobheni.Awekho amacala okusebenza ngamabhethri e-electrolyte e-polymer aqinile ahlanzekile ekamelweni lokushisa (okungukuthi, cishe kuma-25°C).

Isigaba se-semisolid sihlanganisa ama-electrolyte abonakala kakhulu, njengezingxube zokuncibilika kukasawoti, isixazululo se-electrolyte esinokugxiliswa kukasawoti okungaphezu kwesilinganiso esingu-1 mol/L, esinokugxila noma amaphuzu okugcwala afinyelela ku-4 mol/L.Ukukhathazeka ngezingxube ze-electrolyte ezigxilisiwe wukuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kukasawoti we-fluorinated, okubuye kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuqukethwe kwe-lithium nomthelela wemvelo walawo ma-electrolyte.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuthengiswa komkhiqizo osekhulile kudinga ukuhlaziya okuphelele komjikelezo wempilo.Futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa zama-electrolyte asemi-solid alungisiwe nazo kudingeka zibe lula futhi zitholakale kalula ukuze zihlanganiswe kalula ezimotweni zikagesi.

Ama-electrolyte ayi-hybrid

Ama-electrolyte ayiHybrid, awaziwa nangokuthi ama-electrolyte axubile, angashintshwa ngokusekelwe kuma-electrolyte ayingxube ye-aqueous/organic solvent hybrid noma ngokwengeza isixazululo se-electrolyte ewuketshezi olungenamanzi ku-electrolyte eqinile, kucatshangelwa ukwenziwa kanye nokwanda kwama-electrolyte aqinile kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe bokunqwabelanisa.Kodwa-ke, ama-electrolyte ayi-hybrid anjalo asesesigabeni socwaningo futhi azikho izibonelo zezohwebo.

Ukucatshangelwa kokuthuthukiswa kwezentengiselwano kwama-electrolyte

Izinzuzo ezinkulu kakhulu zama-electrolyte aqinile ukuphepha okuphezulu nokuphila komjikelezo omude, kodwa amaphuzu alandelayo kufanele acatshangelwe ngokucophelela lapho kuhlolwa olunye uketshezi noma ama-electrolyte aqinile:

• Inqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nomklamo wesistimu we-electrolyte eqinile.Amabhethri egeji yaselabhorethri ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izinhlayiya eziqinile ze-electrolyte ezinama-microns angamakhulu ambalwa agqinsiwe, ambozwe ohlangothini olulodwa lwama-electrode.Lawa maseli amancane aqinile awameleli ukusebenza okudingekile kumaseli amakhulu (10 kuya ku-100Ah), njengoba umthamo we-10~100Ah kuwukucaciswa okuncane okudingekayo kumabhethri wamanje wamandla.
• I-electrolyte eqinile nayo ithatha indawo yendima ye-diaphragm.Njengoba isisindo nokuqina kwayo kungaphezu kwe-PP/PE diaphragm, kufanele ilungiswe ukuze kuzuzwe ukuminyana kwesisindo.≥350Wh/kgkanye nokuminyana kwamandla≥900Wh/L ukuze kugwenywe ukukhinyabeza ukuthengiswa kwayo.

Ibhethri lihlala liyingozi yokuphepha ngezinga elithile.Ama-electrolyte aqinile, nakuba ephephile kunoketshezi, awakwazi ukuvutha.Amanye ama-polymer nama-electrolyte angaphili angasabela ngomoya komoyampilo noma amanzi, akhiqize ukushisa namagesi anobuthi nawo abangele ingozi yomlilo nokuqhuma.Ngaphezu kwamaseli angawodwa, amapulasitiki, amakesi nezinto zokupakisha kungabangela ukusha okungalawuleki.Ngakho ekugcineni, ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokuphepha kwesistimu kuyadingeka.